The LongSTEP approach: Theoretical framework and intervention protocol for using parent-driven infant-directed singing as resource-oriented music therapy

Introduction Despite medical advances, preterm birth and neonatal intensive care (NICU) hospitalization are demanding pose risks for infants parents. Various music therapy (MT) models have suggested parental singing to promote healthy bonding development in premature infants, but evidence on long-term effects is lacking.Method We present the theoretical framework intervention protocol of a resource-oriented MT approach their caregivers used international LongSTEP trial (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03564184). illustrate how guiding principles manifest sessions, describe frames phases intervention, discuss prerequisites hypothesized mechanisms change.Results The resource-oriented, emphasizes voice parent-infant mutual regulation, builds family-centered principles, relevant NICU beyond. Essential elements include: observation dialogue infant parent needs; as main musical source, with most prominent; active participation; modification response states cues; integration family’s culture preferences. therapist facilitates supports interaction between parents infant. Parents learn adapt relation across post-discharge phases.Discussion feasible culturally diverse countries where consistent presence available, requires tailoring local circumstances culture, particularly phase. emphasis parent-led infant-directed places higher demand than other approaches, sufficient psychosocial support